Tests and treatments

If you’re navigating appointments, scans and decisions - this page is for you.

Getting diagnosed with MS can feel like entering a world of new language. MRI. Lesions. Lumbar puncture. DMTs. It can be a lot to digest. This page breaks down the basics, clearly and calmly.

How is MS diagnosed?

There isn’t one single test for MS. Diagnosis usually involves a combination of:

MRI scans

MRI scans look for areas of inflammation or damage (sometimes called lesions) in the brain or spinal cord.

Neurological examination

A neurologist will assess reflexes, coordination, strength, vision and sensation.

Lumbar puncture

Sometimes a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is used to look for specific markers in the spinal fluid.

Time and pattern

MS is diagnosed based on evidence that inflammation has happened in different parts of the nervous system at different times. Waiting for answers can be one of the hardest parts. If you’re in that stage right now, it’s completely normal to feel anxious or unsettled.

Types of MS

There are three main types. Your neurologist will explain what type you have and what that means for treatment options.

Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)

Periods of new or worsening symptoms (relapses), followed by recovery.

Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)

Gradual worsening over time following an initial relapsing pattern.

Primary progressive MS (PPMS)

Gradual worsening from the start, without distinct relapses.

Treatments for MS

There is currently no cure for MS. But treatment options have improved significantly over the last 20 years. Many people live full, ambitious lives while managing MS with treatment and support.

Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs)

DMTs are medications designed to:

Reduce the number of relapses
Slow progression
Reduce new inflammation seen on MRI

There are now many options available in the UK, including tablets, injections and infusions. Find out more on the MS Trust Decision Tool.

Choosing a DMT is a personal decision made with your neurology team. It often involves balancing effectiveness, side effects, lifestyle and family planning considerations.

It’s okay to ask questions, and it’s okay to take time to decide

Treating relapses

Relapses are sometimes treated with short courses of steroids to reduce inflammation and speed up recovery. Not all relapses need treatment. Your MS team will guide you.